A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the health of the female reproductive system. This includes the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions affecting the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina. Gynecologists provide a variety of services, such as:

• Routine exams: Performing pelvic exams, Pap smears and breast exams to check for any abnormalities.
• Reproductive health management: Advising on birth control options, fertility, pregnancy and sexual health.
• Menstrual disorders: Diagnosing and treating issues related to menstruation, such as irregular periods, heavy bleeding or severe menstrual pain.
• Infections: Diagnosing and treating infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other vaginal infections.
• Hormonal issues: Managing hormonal conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and symptoms related to menopause.
• Cancer screenings and prevention: Conducting screenings for cervical, ovarian and other reproductive cancers, often through Pap smears and other diagnostic tests.
• Surgical procedures: Performing minor to complex surgeries, including biopsies, removal of ovarian cysts, hysterectomies (removal of the uterus) and other procedures affecting the reproductive organs.

Gynecologists often work closely with other specialists, such as obstetricians (who manage pregnancy and childbirth) and endocrinologists (who treat hormone-related issues), to provide comprehensive care for women’s health.

The difference between a gynecologist and an obstetrician lies in their areas of expertise within women’s reproductive health.

• A gynecologist focuses on the health of the female reproductive system at all stages of life, excluding pregnancy and childbirth. Gynecologists address issues related to menstruation, fertility, contraception, hormonal imbalances, menopause and conditions affecting the reproductive organs (e.g., ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, infections). They conduct routine exams like Pap smears, pelvic exams and cancer screenings to monitor reproductive health.
• An obstetrician specializes in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum care. Obstetricians manage all aspects of prenatal health, monitor fetal development and provide medical support during labor and delivery. They are trained to handle both routine and high-risk pregnancies, including complications that might arise during pregnancy or childbirth. Obstetricians also assist with postpartum care, ensuring the mother’s and baby’s health after delivery.

Most doctors in this field are OB-GYNs, meaning they are certified in both obstetrics and gynecology. This dual specialization allows them to provide a continuum of care for women, from reproductive health through pregnancy and childbirth.

You should see a gynecologist at various points in your life to maintain reproductive health. Key times to consider scheduling an appointment include:

• Starting around age 21: Regular visits should begin in your early 20s or within a few years of becoming sexually active. Annual exams may include a pelvic exam, Pap smear and other screenings.
• For menstrual irregularities or pain: If you experience irregular periods, heavy bleeding, severe cramps or other discomforts related to your menstrual cycle, a gynecologist can help identify the cause and suggest treatment options.
• For birth control or family planning: A gynecologist can guide you through birth control options or help with family planning if you’re considering pregnancy.
• For unusual symptoms: Symptoms like pelvic pain, unusual vaginal discharge, itching, or changes in breast health should be evaluated promptly to rule out infections or other conditions.
• For preventive screenings: Pap smears, HPV screenings and breast exams are important preventive measures to detect cervical or breast cancer early. Guidelines vary, but Pap smears are typically recommended every three to five years, depending on age and risk factors.
• During perimenopause and menopause: A gynecologist can help manage hormonal changes and symptoms related to menopause, including hot flashes, bone density changes and vaginal dryness.
• For sexual health concerns: If you have questions about sexual health, pain during intercourse or other concerns, a gynecologist can provide advice and treatment.

Regular visits help ensure any issues are detected early, so even if you don’t have specific symptoms, routine check-ups are beneficial. Read our On Health article to learn more about how often you need a well-woman exam.

A well-woman exam is a preventive health visit focusing on reproductive health and overall wellness. Here’s what to expect during the visit:

• Health history review: The doctor will ask about your medical history, menstrual cycle, sexual health and any symptoms or concerns. They may also ask about your family health history to assess any genetic risks.
• Vital signs check: Basic measurements like blood pressure, weight and heart rate will be taken to get a sense of your overall health.
• Physical exam: A general physical exam is performed to check your heart, lungs, abdomen and other areas.
• Breast exam: The doctor will examine your breasts for lumps or abnormalities. They may provide guidance on breast self-exams and recommend mammograms based on your age and risk factors.
• Pelvic exam: During a pelvic exam, the doctor will examine the vulva, vagina, cervix, ovaries and uterus to check for any abnormalities. This exam may also include a Pap smear to screen for cervical cancer and an HPV test if needed.
• Screenings and tests: Depending on your age and health needs, the doctor may recommend blood tests, STI screenings or other tests as part of preventive care.
• Health counseling: The doctor may discuss contraception, sexual health, nutrition, exercise and other lifestyle factors that contribute to wellness.
• Immunizations: You may be offered vaccines, such as the HPV vaccine, if you haven’t received it or other routine immunizations as recommended.

A well-woman exam is a time to ask questions about your health and discuss any issues, so you leave with a clearer understanding of your health status and any recommended next steps. Read our On Health article to learn more about what to expect at your annual well-woman exam.

• Make sure to bring your insurance and ID card
• Bring a list of current medications (including over the counter medications and supplements)
• Bring outside medical records (reports, clinic notes, imaging), if appropriate
• Bring a family member or a friend to offer support and a second “ear”
• Bring something to write with and on